fRIENDLY CHARGER FOR MOBILE PHONES

Most mobile chargers do not have current/voltage regulation or short-circuit protection. These chargers provide raw 6-12V DC for charging the battery pack. Most of the mobile phone battery packs have a rating of 3.6V, 650mAh.  For increasing the life of the battery, slow charging at low current is advisable. Six to ten hours of charging at 150-200mA current is a suitable option. This will prevent heating up of the battery and extend its life. 

   The circuit described here provides around 180mA current at 5.6V and protects the mobile phone from unexpected voltage fluctuations that develop on the mains line. So the charger can be left ‘on’ over night to replenish the battery charge. The circuit protects the mobile phone as well as the charger by immediately disconnecting the output when it senses a voltage surge or a short circuit in the battery pack or connector. It can be called a ‘middle man’ between the existing charger and the mobile phone. It has features like voltage and current regulation, over-current protection, and high- and low-voltage cut-off. An added speciality of the circuit is that it incorporates a short delay of ten seconds to switch on when mains resumes following a power failure. This protects the mobile phone from instant voltage spikes.
   The circuit is designed for use in conjunction with a 12V, 500mA adaptor (battery eliminator). Op-amp IC CA3130 is used as a voltage comparator.
It is a BiMOS operational amplifier with MOSFET input and CMOS output. Inbuilt gate-protected p-channel MOSFETs are used in the input to provide very high input impedance. The output voltage can swing to either positive or negative (here, ground) side. The inverting input (pin 2) of IC1 is provided with a variable voltage obtained through the wiper of potmeter VR1. The non-inverting input (pin 3) of IC1 is connected to 12V stabilised DC voltage developed across Zener ZD1. This makes the output of IC1 high.
       After a power resumption, capacitor C1 provides delay of a few seconds to charge to a potential higher than of inverting pin 2 of CA3130, thus the output of IC1 goes high only after the delay. In the case of a heavy power line surge, zener diode ZD1 (12V, 1W) will breakdown and short pin 3 of IC1 to ground and the output of IC1 drops to ground level. The output of IC1 is fed to the base of npn Darlington transistor BD677 (T2) for charging the battery. Transistor T2conducts only when the output of IC1 is high. During conduction the emitter voltage of T2 is around 10V, which passes  through R6 to restrict the charging current to around 180 mA.Zener diode ZD2 regulates the charging voltage to around 5.6V.

When a short-circuit occurs at the battery terminal, resistor R8 senses the over-current, allowing transistor T1 to conduct and light up LED1. Glowing of LED2 indicates the charging mode, while LED1 indicates short circuit or over-current status. The value of resistor R8 is important to get the desired current level to operate the cut-off. With the given value of R8 (3.3 ohms), it is 350 mA. Charging current can also be changed by increasing or decreasing the value of R7 using the ‘I=V/R’ rule. Construct the circuit on a common PCB and house in a small plastic case.Connect the circuit between the output lines of the charger and the input pins of the mobile phone with correct polarity.

Clap Switch

Here’s a clap switch free from false triggering. To turn on/off any appliance, you just have to clap twice. The circuit changes its output state only when you clap twice within the set time period. Here, you’ve to clap within 3 seconds

 

Things need to prepare this:

·                     Resistor & capacitor 

·                     IC555

·                     Condenser Microphone

·                     IC4017

·                     LED

·                     Relay....

       The clap sound sensed by condenser microphone is amplified by transistor T1. The amplified signal provides negative pulse to pin 2 of IC1 and IC2, triggering both the ICs. IC1, commonly used as a timer, is wired here as a monostable multi vibrator. Trigging of IC1 causes pin 3 to go high and it remains high for a certain time period depending on the selected values of R7 and C3. This ‘on’ time (T) of IC1 can be calculated using the following relationship:


T=1.1R7.C3 seconds where R7 is in ohms and C3 in micro farads.


           On first clap, output pin 3 of IC1 goes high and remains in this standby position for the preset time. Also, LED1 glows for this period. The output of IC1 provides supply voltage to IC2 at its pins 8 and 4. Now IC2 is ready to receive the triggering signal. Resistor R10 and capacitor C7 connected to pin 4 of IC2 prevent false triggering when IC1 provides the supply voltage to IC2 at first clap. On second clap, a negative pulse triggers  IC2 and its output pin 3 goes high for a time period depending on R9 and C5. This provides a positive pulse at clock pin 14 of decade counter IC 4017 (IC3). Decade counter IC3 is wired here as a bistable. Each pulse applied at clock pin 14 changes the output state at pin 2 (Q1) of IC3 because Q2 is connected to reset pin 15. The high output at pin 2 drives transistor T2 and also energizes relay RL1. LED2 indicates activation of relay RL1 and on/off status of the appliance. A free-wheeling diode (D1) prevents damage of T2 when relay de-energizes. This circuit costs around Rs 80 

Telephone call recorder

Today telephone has become an integral part of our lives. It is the most widely used communication device in the world. Owing to its immense popularity and widespread use, there arises a need for call recording devices, which find application in call centres, stock broking firms, police, offices, homes, etc.

     
 Here we are describing a call recorder that uses very few components. But in order to understand its working, one must first have the basic knowledge of standard telephone wiring and a stereo plug. 
     In India, landline telephones primarily use RJ11 wiring, which has two wires—tip and ring. While tip is the positive wire, ring is the negative one. And together they complete the telephone circuit. In a telephone line, voltage between tip and ring is around 48V DC when handset is on the cradle (idle line). In order to ring the phone for an incoming call, a 20Hz AC current of around 90V is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in

the idle line.  The negative wire from the phoneline goes to IN1,  while the positivewire goes to IN2. Further, thenegative wire from OUT1 and the positive wire from OUT2

are connected to the phone. All the resistors used are 0.25W  carbon film resistors and all the capacitors used are rated for 250V or more.

      The negative terminal of ‘To AUX IN’ is connected to pin 1 of the stereo jack while the positive terminal is connected to pins 2 and 3 of the stereo jack. This stereo jack, in turn, is connected to the AUX IN of any recording device, such as computer, audio cassette player, CD player, DVD player, etc. Here we shall be connecting it to a computer.

    When a call comes in, around 90V AC current at 20Hz is superimposed over the DC voltage already present in the idle line. This current is converted into DC by the diodes and fed to resistor R1, which reduces its magnitude and feeds it to LED1. The current is further reduced in magnitude by the resistor R2 and fed to the right and left channels of the stereo jack, which are connected to the AUX IN port of  a computer.

     Any audio recording software, such as AVS audio recorder, Audacity audio recorder  can be used to record the call. When a call comes in, one needs to launch the audio recording software and start recording. For phone recording, simply connect the stereo jack to the AUX IN port of the PC. Install the audacity audio recorder (different versions are available for free for different operating systems at http://audacity.

sourceforge.net/) on your PC. Run the executable audacity file. In the main window, you will find a drop down box in the top right corner. From this box, select the AUX option. Now you are ready to record any call. As soon as a call comes in, press the record button found in the audacity main window and then pick up the telephone receiver and answer the

call. Press the stop button once the call ends. Now go to the file menu and select the ‘Export as WAV’ option and save the file in a desired location. You may change the value of resistor R2 if you want to change the output volume. you can use a variable resistor in series with R2 to vary the volume of the output. The recorded audio clip can be edited using different options in the audacity software.

      You can assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose it in a small cabinet. Use an RJ11 connector and stereo jack for connecting the telephone set and computer (for call recording). Telephone cords can be used to connect to the phone line and the circuit. Use of a shielded cable is recommended to reduce disturbances in the recording. These can also be reduced by increasing the value of R2 to about 15 kilo-ohms.

EFY note. Audacity recording software is included in this month’s EFY-CD under ‘utilities’ section. 

Water-Level Controller

         In most houses, water is first stored in an underground tank (UGT) and from there it is pumped up to the overhead tank (OHT) located on the roof. People generally switch on the pump when their taps go dry and switch off the pump when the overhead tank starts overflowing. This results in the unnecessary wastage and sometimes non-availability of water in the case of emergency. The simple circuit presented here makes this system automatic, i.e. it switches on the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level. It also
prevents ‘dry run’ of the pump in case the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level. 
                 
           In the figure, the common probes connecting the underground tank and the overhead tank to +9V supply are marked ‘C’. The other probe in underground tank, which is slightly above the ‘dry run’ level, is marked ‘S’. The low-level and high-level probes in the overhead tank are marked ‘L’ and ‘H’, respectively. When there is enough water in the underground tank, probes C and S are connected through water. As a result, transistor T1 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn, switches transistor T2 on. Initially, when the
overhead tank is empty, transistors T3 and T5 are in cut-off state and hence pnp transistors T4 and T6 get forward biased via resistors R5 and R6, respectively. As all series-connected transistors T2, T4, and T6 are forward biased, they conduct to energise relay RL1 (which is also connected in series with transistors T2, T4, and T6). Thus the supply to the pump motor gets completed via the lower set of relay contacts (assuming that switch S2 is on) and the pump starts filling the overhead tank.
         Once the relay has energised, transistor T6 is bypassed via the upper set of contacts of the relay. As soon as the water level touches probe L in the overhead tank, transistor T5 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This, in turn, reverse biases transistor T6, which then cuts off. But since transistor T6 is bypassed through the relay contacts, the pump continues to run. The level of water continues to rise. 
          When the water level touches probe H, transistor T3 gets forward biased and starts conducting. This causes reverse biasing of transistor T4 and it gets cut off. As a result, the relay de-energises and the pump stops. Transistors T4 and T6 will be turned on again only when the water level drops below the position of L probe. Presets VR1, VR2, and VR3 are to be adjusted in such a way that transistors T1, T3, and T5 are turned on when the water level touches probe pairs C-S, C-H, and C-L, respectively. Resistor R4
ensures that transistor T2 is ‘off’ in the absence of any base voltage. Similarly, resistors R5 and R6 ensure that transistors T4 and T6 are ‘on’ in the absence of any base voltage. Switches S1 and S2 can be used to switch on and switch off, respectively, the pump manually.

You can make and install probes on your own as per the requirement and facilities available. However, we are describing here how the probes were made for this prototype.

CD-ROM Drive as Digital -audio CD-Player

·                     Transformer

·                     Diode

·                     Capacitor and Resistor

·                     IC's IC LM7812 and IC LM 7805

·                     A ROM

                                    

A CD-ROM drive can be used as a stand-alone unit for playing digital audio CDs without interfacing with a computer. The stereo output of CD player available at the audio jack can be amplified using audio input facility which is normally available on a tape-deck/tape-recorder or a stereo amplifier. Audio socket on front/rear of the CD-ROM drive is capable of driving headphones or speakers of less than 500 mW. Proper stereo jacks for interconnection between CD-ROM drive and tape deck are available from computer/tape recorder spares vendors. The principle of operation is illustrated here with the help of block diagram.

The 4-pin power supply socket available at the rear of a CD-ROM player is meant for +5V, ground (two middle pins) and +12V inputs.

The power supply can be easily derived using a conventional power supply circuit as shown in the figure. If you have an external CD-ROM drive, it can be simply plugged into the mains since it has self-contained power supply circuit inside. While there may be minor differences amongst the available CD-ROM drives’ external controls, a typical drive’s controls are shown in the figure here. Please ensure that a proper power supply connector available from computer spare parts vendor is used for connection to CD-ROM drive. To identify +5V and +12V pins on the drive connector, please

note that in the computer +12V is routed using a yellow wire and for +5V a red wir is used, while for ground black wires are used with the supply connector.

Once the power supply has been connected correctly, you will notice that LED indicator on the drive starts flashing. Now the digital audio CD can be loaded after pushing the eject button. A second push of the same button causes retraction of CD carriage into the drive. One can change the track (song) on the CD using play switch on the CD-ROM drive.

Staircase Light With Auto Switch-Off

We are all familiar with the electrical wiring arrangement that connects an electrical bulb with two switches: one at the bottom of a staircase and the other at the top. Wiring is done such that either of the two switches can be used to switch the bulb on or off. In such a wiring arrangement, while climbing up the staircase which is in dark, the switch located at the bottom of the staircase is used to switch on the light. After you have climbed the staircase, you use the switch located there to switch off the light. The circuit presented here is an electronic-cum-electrical arrangement to get a similar facility as provided by the hard-wired electrical system, but you need to operate the switch only once. Whereas in the hard-wired arrangement if you forget to switch off the light once you have traversed the staircase, light would remain ‘on,’ wasting energy.

In this circuit also, we have two micro-switches—one located at the top and the other located at the bottom of the staircase—that can be pushed and released easily during climb-up from the bottom of the staircase or climb down from the top of the staircase. With every push and release of either of the two switches, bulb L1 lights up for a preset time period of, say, 40 seconds, which is considered adequate for climbing up or going down the staircase. The bulb goes off automatically after the set 40 seconds. You can change this ‘on’ time by changing the values of resistor R7 and/or capacitor C4 depending upon your requirement.
Switches S1 and S2 are the two micro-switches, which provide low inputs to the respective de-bouncing circuits. Each de-bouncing circuit is built around two NAND gates connected back to back. The de-bouncing circuits ensure a clean, bounce-free pulse at the output every time the micro-switch is pressed and released. The outputs from the two de-bouncing circuits are ORed using diodes D1 and D2 (1N4001). So every time you press and release either of the micro-switches, you get a positive- going pulse at the junction of the cathodes of diodes D1 and D2.
These pulses are used to trigger the monostable circuit built around timer IC2. On the trailing edge of the pulse, the output of the monostable goes high for a time period of 40 seconds. This drives relay-driver transistor 2N2222 (T1) wired as a switch. Relay RL1 gets energized and closes N/O contacts of the relay, wired in series with the mains and the bulb (L1). Bulb L1 switches off when the relay gets de-energized after 40-second pulse period. Free-wheeling diode D4 (1N4001) protects transistor T1 against transients during relay switch-off operation. The circuit operates off a 9V battery, which gets connected to the circuit through ‘on’/‘off’ switch S3. You can also use regulated 9V power supply. Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and house in a small box. Connect micro-switches S1 and S2 near top and bottom of the staircase through flexible wires and bulb in the middle of the staircase

Ping-Pong Pistol

Materials

A. Paper towel tube

B. Utility lighter

C. Hair spray (aerosol)

D. Duct tape

E. Ping-Pong ball

 F. Knife

How-to:

 ü     Use a short piece of duct tape to seal one end of an empty paper towel tube.
 ü  Cut a hole in the duct tape just large enough for the tip of the utility lighter to fit through.
ü  Release a quick spurt of hair spray into the open end of the tube. You will have to experiment to find the   best amount — there must be enough oxygen in the tube for combustion. Only aerosol hair sprays will work (the type in a metal canister). 
ü  Insert the Ping-Pong ball 1/3 of the way into the tube and then insert the tip of the lighter through the duct tape. 
ü  Spark the lighter. The Piezzo igniter will ignite the propellants and the resulting pressure will quickly accelerate the ball out of the tube.